Compilation of the Holy Quran

The miraculous preservation of Allah's final revelation through three historical phases of compilation.

Divine Promise of Preservation

Unlike previous scriptures, Allah promised to personally protect the Quran from corruption: "Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardian." (15:9) This divine promise was fulfilled through the meticulous efforts of the early Muslim community, who preserved every word, letter, and pronunciation through both memorization and written compilation. The Quran we read today is identical to what was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) over 1,400 years ago.

"And We have certainly made the Quran easy for remembrance, so is there any who will remember?" (Quran 54:17)

1

First Phase

During the Prophet's Lifetime (610-632 CE)

Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)

The Quran was revealed gradually over 23 years and was memorized by thousands of companions and written on various materials.

Key Points:

  • Revealed verses were immediately memorized by companions
  • Written on palm leaves, stones, bones, and leather
  • Multiple scribes recorded revelations (Zaid ibn Thabit, Ali ibn Abi Talib, etc.)
  • The Prophet reviewed the complete Quran with Angel Jibreel twice in his final year

Historical Significance:

Foundation of preservation through dual method: memorization and writing

2

Second Phase

Abu Bakr's Caliphate (632-634 CE)

Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (RA)

After many Huffaz (memorizers) were martyred in the Battle of Yamama, the Quran was compiled into one unified book.

Key Points:

  • Battle of Yamama resulted in death of 70 Huffaz (Quran memorizers)
  • Umar ibn al-Khattab suggested compilation to prevent loss
  • Zaid ibn Thabit led the compilation committee
  • Strict verification: required both written evidence and witness testimony

Historical Significance:

First complete written collection (Mushaf) created

3

Third Phase

Uthman's Caliphate (644-656 CE)

Uthman ibn Affan (RA)

To prevent dialectical variations in distant provinces, one standard copy was created and distributed throughout the empire.

Key Points:

  • Different tribes were reciting in their local dialects
  • Hudhaifa ibn al-Yaman reported potential disputes
  • Committee led by Zaid ibn Thabit prepared the standard copy
  • All other versions were recalled and destroyed

Historical Significance:

Universal standardization ensuring unity in recitation

Verification Methods Used

Dual Verification System

Every verse required both a written record AND testimony from at least two witnesses who heard it directly from the Prophet (ﷺ).

Zaid ibn Thabit said: "By Allah, if they had asked me to move a mountain, it would have been easier than compiling the Quran."

Committee Consensus

A committee of the most knowledgeable companions verified each verse, ensuring no individual bias or error.

The committee included Zaid ibn Thabit, Abdullah ibn Zubair, Said ibn al-As, and Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith.

Community Verification

The compiled version was presented to the entire Muslim community for verification before final approval.

No companion objected to any part of the compilation, confirming its accuracy.

Divine Protection Promise

Allah promised to protect the Quran from corruption, and this human effort was part of that divine protection.

"Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardian." (Quran 15:9)

Key Historical Figures

Zaid ibn Thabit (RA)

Chief Scribe and Compiler

Personal scribe of the Prophet, led both compilation phases, known for his accuracy and memory

Qualification: Witnessed the final review of the Quran with the Prophet and Angel Jibreel

Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA)

Advocate for Compilation

Suggested the first compilation to Abu Bakr after Battle of Yamama

Qualification: One of the most knowledgeable companions in Quranic matters

Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (RA)

Authorizing Caliph

Initially hesitant, then authorized the first compilation after consultation

Qualification: Closest companion to the Prophet, present during many revelations

Uthman ibn Affan (RA)

Standardizing Caliph

Ordered the standardization and distribution of the unified Mushaf

Qualification: Married to two daughters of the Prophet, wealthy sponsor of Islamic causes

The Miracle of Preservation Today

The preservation of the Quran is considered one of the greatest miracles of Islam. Here's evidence of this divine protection:

The Quran remains unchanged after 1,400+ years

Millions have memorized the entire Quran (Huffaz)

Same Arabic text exists worldwide without variations

Archaeological evidence confirms textual consistency

Oral and written traditions perfectly match

Scientific facts mentioned align with modern discoveries

The Birmingham Quran Manuscript

In 2015, researchers at the University of Birmingham discovered Quran fragments dating to 568-645 CE, making them among the oldest known copies. Remarkably, the text matches today's Quran perfectly, providing archaeological evidence of the book's preservation.

"The person who wrote these pages may well have known the Prophet Muhammad. He may have heard him preach. These pages may have been written by someone who was actually there at the time of the first revelations." - Professor David Thomas, University of Birmingham

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